• Model-based acoustic field representations (matched-field inversions, normal-mode localization) enable environment characterization and target localization in shallow-water oceans, with simultaneous estimation of bottom properties and sensor geometry from measured data [4], [10], [11], [8].

• A range of hardware-oriented studies address sensing transducers, self-noise, and measurement platforms for underwater acoustics, from flow-induced hydrophone noise, to drifting infrasonic/pressure sensors, to SAW-based humidity sensing, to transducer technology [6], [9], [12], [15].

• Bioacoustic studies examine cetacean perception and bycatch dynamics, including net reflectivity, deterrent devices to reduce cetacean mortality, and marine mammal hearing/ice tracking, highlighting ecological and management implications [2], [3], [5], [13], [18].

• Active sonar and robotics-oriented research focus on obstacle localization and integrated vehicle-manipulator control, including bat-like wide-beam sonar systems and adaptive tracking, illustrating advances in autonomous sensing and navigation [17], [19], [7].